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Outer space, a vast and seemingly infinite expanse beyond Earth’s atmosphere, encompasses all celestial bodies and interstellar matter, including stars, planets, asteroids, comets, and cosmic dust. It is chraacterised by a near-perfect vacuum with extremely low densities and pressures, allowing for the study of astrophysical phenomena in conditions that cannot be replicated on Earth. The vast distances between objects in space are measured in light-years, reflecting the time it takes for light to travel; this highlights the immense scale of the universe. Outer space also presents unique challenges to exploration—radiation exposure, microgravity effects on human physiology, and thermal extremes necessitate advanced engineering solutions for spacecraft design and life support systems. Understanding outer space not only advances our knowledge of fundamental physics but also addresses practical concerns regarding planetary defence and potential colonisation as humanity seeks to expand beyond its home planet while grappling with ethical considerations surrounding extraterrestrial life forms.